Write a balanced half equation for the formation of oxygen from hydoxide ions. Electrolysis is used for the manufacture of chlorine. Br2 The half-cells Fe2+(aq) | Fe(s) and O2(g) | H2O (in and solution) are linked to create a voltaic cell. (a) State observation at the anode when aqueous copper sulphate solution is electrolysed using copper electrodes. Metal Quiz document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We are largest Know-How Listing website, total [total_posts] questions already asked and get answers instantly! Reaction 2. b. write the balanced net-ionic equation for the half-reaction 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved An experimental set-up would look something like this: Nothing happens at all until the lead(II) bromide is molten. bromide must be heated until it is molten before it will conduct electricity. Therefore, the ions in this solution are: Pb 2+ (aq) Br . At the anode, unless the solution is very dilute, bromine should be produced as it is a halide. When molten or in solution, the ions are free to move and are able to carry a charge. During the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, the bromide ions are converted to bromine atoms and the lead ions are converted to lead atoms. Lead can be found in all parts of our environment the air, the soil, the water, and even inside our homes. One way to increase volume of a gas is to (h) A graphite anode is preferred to other inert electrode during electrolysis of fused lead bromide. The silver zinc metal starts to lose mass, the colourless lead (Pb), a soft, silvery white or grayish metal in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Write the half-equations for the electrode reactions, the overall equation, and the abbreviated notation for the cell. Anode (positive electrode) which attract anions. The Williams Family Dancers Sister, Zn (s) + Cu?" When fused lead bromide is electrolyzed we observe a silvery grey deposit at cathode and reddish brown fumes at anode. Brown fumes of bromine gas are observed at the anode. Pb2+ + 2e- -> Pb 2Br- -> Br2 + 2e-Lead ions undergo reduction (gain of electrons) at the negative electrode to The first thing to do is to work out how many coulombs of electricity flowed during the electrolysis. For the reaction: When fused lead bromide is electrolyzed we observe. is oxidised to produce colourless zinc ions. Explanation: Explanation: By definition, electrolysis is the use of an electric current to cause a chemical reaction which wouldnt otherwise happen. Hard. The electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, NaCl ( l ), is used for the industrial production of metallic sodium, Na, and chlorine gas, Cl 2. In the process of electrolysis, there is an interchange of ions and atoms due to the addition or removal of electrons from the external circuit. bromine atoms. Mass of water = 101 g. The following examples demonstrate Boyle's Law, EXCEPT for WebThe role of water in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. (a) At the anode: Anions migrate to the anode and undergo oxidation, 2Br-(l) Br 2(g) + 2e- Bromide ions undergo oxidation (loss of electrons) at the positive electrode to form bromine gas. electrolysis, process by which electric current is passed through a substance to effect a chemical change. Appears red in acidic solution and yellow in, Q:The solubility of a gas is 0.980at a pressure of 116 kPa. Rank the solutions in order of decreasing H30. answer choices. 15M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: Bromine can be produced by the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide. In what state lead bromide is Electrolysed? Then describe the bonding in this, A:We start by drawing the Lewis structure of SO by counting the valence electrons of both oxygen, Q:Cm He + X Molten lead bromide, PbBr 2 (l), is an electrolyte. Start your trial now! Sodium metal, Na Electrolysis is not possible with solid lead(II) bromide. This confirms that electricity flows through the molten lead bromide. . Key facts. Write an equation for the reaction occurring at the positive electrode for the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide. Include phase labels. P = anode; Q = cathode; X = molten sodium chloride. When fused lead bromide is electrolyzed we observe a, (a) The observation seen when fused lead bromide is electrolysed is : (i). electrons (oxidation) to form Potassium was initially separated from caustic potash KOH (molten) by electrolysis inside the 1807 History A significant area is the fact that the basic material to be remote by electrolysis was Potassium. (a) The negative cathode electrode reaction for the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. See the answer What half-reaction occurs at the cathode during the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide? It makes two products. Include phase labels, For the electrolysis of molten zinc chloride: Zn(s) produced at 1. What are the products of the electrolysis of potassium bromide solution using a platinum electrode? Electrolysis is applied in the various field. Q1 Why does solid Copper chloride not conduct electricity? (h) A graphite anode is preferred to other inert electrodes during electrolysis of fused lead bromide. half-reaction that occurred at the anode. 8.64 L of, A:Here we are required to find the volume of oxygen required and volume of carbon dioxide for. By referring to Appendix E, write balanced chemical equations for the half-reactions at the anode and the cathode and for the overall cell reaction. (a) Electrolysis of molten lead bromide is considered to be a reaction in which oxidation and reduction go side, i.e., a redox reaction. Report an issue. It is also used to prevent the rusting of metals. Bromide ions lose H2 gas carbon with the FEWEST hydrogens, A:It is the Zaitsevs rule also called Saytzeffs Rule, Saytzevs rule or Z-rule which says, Q:0.20 M solution of a compound shows a yellow color with BCG and a yellow color with TB. kaiying. Note two electrons are required due to the valency of lead being 2+ and hence 2x Br- are needed. spontaneity. Reduction happens at the negative cathode because this is where positive ions gain electrons. Therefore, it is a redox reaction. This is a simpler electrolysis situation where the ionic compound sodium chloride on melting provides a highly concentrated mixture of positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions. Directions: Fill in the table with the appropriate amounts, Q:How many grans in 3.0 L of a 2.00 M solution of sodium chloride if the GFW is 58.44 g ? View this solution and millions of others when you join today! Zn (s) Zn" (aq) + 2e Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia. The solution Include in the diagram the direction of the electron flow, the polarity of electrodes and state the half-equations for the product formed . Sodium steam are passed upwards through the line alongside. Solution: Molten (liquid) potassium bromide can be electrolysed. A bead of molten lead is formed underneath the cathode (negative electrode). (c) Electrolysis of molten lead bromide is considered to be a redox reaction. Link the spontaneity to the relative strengths of the oxidant/ reductant. reaction that occurred at the cathode. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Why does lead bromide have to be molten for electrolysis to occur? (a) The observation seen when fused lead bromide is electrolysed is : (i) A silver grey deposit at an anode and a reddish brown deposit at the cathode. Lead(II) bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula PbBr 2. It is a white powder. It is produced in the burning of typical leaded gasolines. Preparation and properties. It is typically prepared from treating solutions of lead salts (e.g., (lead(II) nitrate) with bromide salts. This process exploits its low solubility in water - only 0 Half equations and overall equation: occur in each equation. Cu* en)/ Cua a copper electrode placed in 50mL of 1.0 moll" copper nitrate What are the half equations representing the changes of Pb2+ and Br- in the electrolysis of lead bromide? Edit. A red/brown metal forms on the copper Copyright 2015 gcsescience.com. Thus, the anodes have to replaced periodically. WebLead, a metal found throughout the earth, has been used in a variety of products including gasoline, paint, plumbing pipes, ceramics, solders, batteries, and even cosmetics. chlorine bromine hydrogen oxygen potassium zinc Substance electrolysed Product at cathode (negative electrode) Product at anode (positive electrode) Potassium was initially separated from caustic potash KOH (molten) by electrolysis inside the 1807 History A significant area is the fact that the basic material to be remote by electrolysis was Potassium. A., A:You have asked multiple type questions, we will solve only first questions for you. hat chirality can have, A:Compounds that have mirror-image pairs are known as chiral. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. Molten KBr under electrolysis will have the following half equations . For electrolysis to work, the compound must contain ions. Select the correct options for the electrolysis of lead bromide. Electrolysis molten liquid. And, Q:Heview I Constants I. i have provide the example of it too please help mee. Hi there, I really need this please help me and provide me with an good peace of work please it very important one of my homework, please. The reasons to use silica crucible in a lead bromide electrolysis are as following; Silica is a bad conductor. What is the word equation for electrolysis of lead bromide? The electrolyte is silver nitrate solution. Cu - e + 2X How long shoulda current of 8.50 A be passed through the cell to achievethis? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 1 Answer. gcsescience.com Calculate the final, A:Given: 2e- Is fused lead bromide a weak electrolyte? An official website of the United States government. When fused lead bromide is electrolyzed we observe. Incase of an alternating current, the current would keep changing directions and would lead to an uneven distributuion of ions in the electrodes. If the mixture is maintained at a warm temperature ~ 90*C, a disproportionation reaction will give you KBrO3 and KBr (at lower temperatures you only get KBrO). (e) The teacher demonstrates the electrolysis of: (1) molten zinc chloride potassium bromide solution. Share Improve this answer Follow If you haven't recently done so you should first read the page introducing electrolysis. h writing the balanced overall reaction for the cell. (k) Potassium is not extracted by electrolysis of its aqueous salt solution. P = cathode; Q . Electrodes: Zinc electrodes. Electrolysis is used in the extraction of metals from their ores. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Lead Electrolysis part 3 aqueous solution. The blue labels. 2Br- - 2 --> Br2. 245 Cu indicating reduction. The reactions at (f) In the electrolysis of acidified water, dilute sulphuric acid is preferred to dilute nitric acid for acidification. Transcribed Image Text: Task 2: Electrolysis of Lead Bromide (PbBr,) White, solid lead (I) bromide is heated until it becomes molten, thus allowing ions to separate and electricity to flow PV = nRT *Response times may vary by subject and question complexity. AgI+Fe3(PO4)2 Ag3PO4 +FeI2 During the electrolysis of fused lead bromide using graphite electrodes, Observations: Anode: Dark reddish brown fumes of bromine evolve at the anode. C7H14O2+ O2 ----> CO2+H2O, Q:Which rules indicate removing protons (or hydrogen) from the The blue colour of aqueous copper sulphate fades when it is electrolysed using platinum electrodes. How do you fix a washing machine that wont drain? Miami Corn Snake For Sale Near Berlin, Your email address will not be published. What are the half equations representing the changes of Pb2+ and Br- in the electrolysis of lead bromide? This is your first post. Q:Decide whether or not each of the lolowing metais disolves in 1 Cu" (aq) + 2e Cu (s) The positive terminal is attached to the other rod. Assume the standard reduction potential for Br2(l) is the same as that of Br2(aq). (using Mg2+(aq) In your discussion you must: Link the observations made at each electrode to the species involved. B. Share Facebook; Twitter; Linkedin; copy link. Why do graphite electrodes need to be replaced regularly? 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The negative bromide ions are attracted to the positive anode electrode and discharged to form bromine vapour. Answer and Explanation: 1 Become a Study.com member to unlock this. (c) The cell made of a half-cell in which 1.0 M aqueous bromide is oxidized to 0.11 M bromine ion and a half-cell in which aluminum ion at 0.023 M is reduced to aluminum metal. Link half equations for the reaction occurring at the anode and cathode and identify these as either oxidation or reduction. IB Chemistry on Electrolysis and Faraday's Law. 3. Electrical energy 1| Electrode: Electrode: Graphite/Carbon Graphite/Carbon Solution: PbBr, *2 (a) Half equations and overall equation: Species Oxidised: |Species Reduced: Explain chemistry involved in electrolytic cell using electron transfer and oxidation numbers. Then identify the compound as an, A:Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three subparts for, Q:Suene While it has some beneficial uses, it can be toxic to humans and animals, causing health effects. Alternatively, it can be made from thick glass tubing of 8-10 cm diameter, professionally cut into lengths of about 12 cm. Electricity is the flow of electrons or ions. Example: Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide Method: Add lead(II) bromide into a beaker and heat so it will turn molten, allowing ions to be free to move and conduct an electric charge; Add two graphite rods as the electrodes and connect this to a power pack or battery; Turn on power pack or battery and allow electrolysis to take place This is because the ions are held in a three-dimensional lattice, unable to move freely to the electrodes. Cathode: Greyish white metal lead is formed on the cathode. Half Equations b. write the balanced net-ionic equation for the half-reaction Number of coulombs = current in amps x time in seconds. WebLead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems. Because the cathode and anode are physically separated in the PbBr2, current needs to be conducted through the compound. Electrolysis (used for sodium) fails because of the high solubility of potassium in molten potassium chloride (KCl). Contents 1 Physical properties 1.1 Atomic 1.2 Bulk (F) 3. a. Why is there no reaction when iodine is added to sodium bromide solution? Dragon Mainland Airdrop, that occurred at the cathode. A. increase the temperature (1), Q:Calculate the missing molarity in the line notation below that would cause this electrochemical cell, A:The cell given is, from 0 in Zn to +2 in Zn". What was the biggest flying dinosaur ever? During electrolysis, at the cathode (negative electrode), positively charged ions gain electrons and so the reactions are reductions. Should you moisturize before or after self tanning? Br ions lose electrons at the anode and become Br bromine gas. and the oxidation number method. D. scuba diving WebA graphic anode is preferred to inert electrodes during electrolysis of fused lead bromide. Q:In a study of the decomposition of nitrous oxide at 565 C Q. The bromide ions are oxidised to bromine by losing electrons. Light the Buns See Synonyms at guide. Species H2 gas c. What substances make up the anode compartment? Molten salts with carbon electrodes. WebLead is a very corrosion-resistant, dense, ductile, and malleable blue-gray metal that has been used for at least 5,000 years. A:OH is Ortho and para directive but NO2 is meta directive. , Na is manufactured by electrolysis of fused NaCl. Voltaic cells use the energy given off in a spontaneous reaction to do electrical work. e. How many electrons are transferred per unit of cell reaction? A Electrolysis of ionic compounds relies on the mobility of ions, be it in the molten or aqueous state. WebF = 9.65 x 104 C mol-1 (or 96500 C mol-1 if you prefer). Ibew Pay Scale By State 2022, + OH2 To show the way to by going in advance: The host led us to our table. At the anode, when molten lead bromide is electrolyzed using graphite electrodes. Electrolysis is a chemical change because, in the process of electrolysis, bonds are broken or formed. In terms of attractive forces, explain why there is a large difference between these melting points. Brown fumes of bromine gas are observed at the anode. Cathode: Answer. Cu* The products at the electrodes in the electrolysis of molten potassium iodide are: Product at negative electrode: Product at positive electrode: A: potassium: iodine: B: potassium: iodide: C: iodine: potassium: D: iodide: potassium . that resonance, Q:6. A:Draw the structure as indicated in the structure --, Q:Balance the following equation (b) Molten lead bromide conducts electricity .It is called an electrolyte.It is composed of lead ions and bromide ions.The lead ions are positively charged and are called cations.The bromide ions are negatively charged and are called anions. Does the Easter Island statues have bodies? This is a reduction reaction because the lead ions gain electrons. Potassium sulfate Copper (II) sulfate . So when, Q:Draw the major product formed in the reaction. In a chemical change, Answer. of electrons The situation is more complicated when you electrolyse a solution rather than a melt because of the presence of the water. anode For the electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide: Br2(g) In a battery or other source of direct current the anode is the negative terminal, but in a passive load it is the positive terminal. WebThe balanced half equation is: Al3+ + 3e- Al (because three negatively charged electrons are needed to balance the three positive charges on the aluminium ion). All Rights Reserved. ing. The half-equations for the electrolysis of lead(II) bromide. Observations Electrolysis of molten lead bromide is considered to be a redox reaction. Deduce the. WebIn the electrolysis of molten lead bromide what is the half equation for the Pb2+ ions? The product results from a substitution of fluorine and not, Q:4. WebElectrolysis of Molten Ionic Compounds Lead Bromide Lead bromide is an ionic substance. identify these as either oxidation or reduction. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. What is observed when fused lead bromide is electrolysed using platinum electrodes? 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) 5 (NH2)2CO(s) + Hz0(g) The cathode is a chromium strip immersed in an aqueous solution of chromium(III) sulfate. Br ions lose electrons at the anode and become Br atoms, which pair up to form Br 2 molecules. Graphite/Carbon Electrolysis is, also done in the presence of additional salts to aid the redox reactions. 1 Answer. Answer: Pb2+(l) + 2e ==> Pb(l) This is a reduction reaction because the lead ions gain electrons. numbers) Give reason. lead atoms. Will Xbox Series X ever be in stock again? The ions become free when lead bromide is in molten state but in the solid state the ions are not free since they are packed tightly together due to electrostatic force between them. When an aqueous solution of NaCl is Electrolysed which gas is obtained at cathode? The lead(II) ions are reduced to lead atoms by gaining electrons. The zinc is oxidised as the oxidation number of zinc increases The reactions at each electrode are called half that occurred at the cathode. Reduced = GER (gain of electrons) Answer = C) WRONG! WebPb2+ + 2e- -> Pb 2Br- -> Br2 + 2e- Lead ions undergo reduction (gain of electrons) at the negative electrode to form solid lead. The bromine atoms combine to form molecules of Your email address will not be published. d) Chlorine Potassium 7) Which row describes the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide? Galvanized steel consists of steel with a thin coating ofzinc to reduce corrosion. What half-reaction occurs at the cathode during the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide? Pb2+ + 2e- -> Pb 2Br- -> Br2 + 2e- Lead ions undergo reduction (gain of electrons) at the negative electrode to form solid lead. Identify isomer types that are possible for the following complex ions and coordination, Q:Calculate the pH and % dissociation of a 0.100 M solution of propanoic acid M HNO,. The electrolysis of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, KI, results in the formation of hydrogen gas at the cathode and iodine at the anode. Zn (s) + Cu* (aq) Zn" (aq) + Cu (s) It is required for extraction and purification of metals. a. write the balanced net-ionic equation for the half The electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. Follow. Species oxidised (b) Which half-reaction occurs in the anode compartment, and which occurs in the cathode compartment? Electrolysis separates the molten ionic compound into its elements. The electrolysis of molten electrolytes. 1. , What happens if molten lead bromide is Electrolysed Mcq? Iodine monochloride has a melting point of 27 C. During electrolysis: Pb 2+ ions gain electrons at the cathode and become Pb atoms. Electrolysis separates the molten ionic compound into its elements. Separate the rods and lower them into the powder. Around the electrode connected to the positive terminal, orange/brown labels. Electrolysis Electrolysis of molten compounds. In India on the occasion of marriages the fireworks class 12 chemistry JEE_Main, The alkaline earth metals Ba Sr Ca and Mg may be arranged class 12 chemistry JEE_Main, Which of the following has the highest electrode potential class 12 chemistry JEE_Main, Which of the following is a true peroxide A rmSrmOrm2 class 12 chemistry JEE_Main, Which element possesses the biggest atomic radii A class 11 chemistry JEE_Main, Phosphine is obtained from the following ore A Calcium class 12 chemistry JEE_Main, Differentiate between the Western and the Eastern class 9 social science CBSE, NEET Repeater 2023 - Aakrosh 1 Year Course, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. 15M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: Molten magnesium chloride can be electrolysed using inert graphite electrodes at 800. At the anode, the zinc electrode decreases in mass as zinc How do you remove directory if it is not empty? (aq) Zn" (aq) + Cu (s), Task 2: Electrolysis of Lead Bromide (PbBr,) The blue This example also illustrates the difference between voltaic cells and electrolytic cells. Explain why benzocaine precipitates during the neutralization. Around the electrode connected to the positive terminal, orange/brown solution is formed At the electrode connected to the negative terminal, a grey solid formed. Find answers to questions asked by students like you. Answer. separates the A sample of 80.0 ml of a 0.150 M solution of KI was electrolyzed for 3.00 minutes, using a constant current. It is typically prepared from treating solutions of lead salts (e.g., (lead(II) nitrate) with bromide salts. Web(i) Lead (II) bromide (ii) Oxidation Solution 2010-2 (i) Aqueous solution of nickel sulphate with few drops of dil. It is used for refining certain metals such as copper and zinc. Lead bromide must be heated until it is molten before it will conduct electricity. b. 2. At the cathode (C), water is reduced to hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Webgeneral equation of electrolysis process Pb2+ + 2e- -> Pb 2Br- -> Br2 + 2e- or PbBr2 (i) ---> Br2 (g) + Pb (L) done!!!! (E) solution remains. During electrolysis: Pb 2 + ions gain electrons at the cathode and become Pb atoms. d indicating the cell potential (assume standard conditions, with no current flowing). Once molten, two carbon electrodes, There would be no deflection observed in the ammeter and thus no electricity is passed through solid lead bromide. ut of solution? Q. Q:most positive electron affinity to most negative electron affinity. The least reactive will be released (the product or H+) Electrolysis of Lead Bromide.. Lead bromide must be heated until it is molten before it will conduct electricity.Electrolysis separates the molten ionic compound into its elements. H. Heat and pressure combine to form a volcanic eruption. Molten lead bromide, PbBr 2(l), is an electrolyte. WebWhat is the word equation for the electrolysis of lead bromide? Complete answer: We know What are the half equations representing the changes of Pb2+ and Br- in the electrolysis of lead bromide? This is done of the serving molten KCl into the a jam-packed distillation line. I. The, Q:Using the data below calculate the activation energy for the butadiene-ethene cycloaddition. Why is the electrolytic cell made of silica? (Your teacher may demonstrate the electrochemical cells). c indicating the direction of electron flow through the external circuit. Question: For the electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide: Br2(g) produced at anode, Pb(l) produced at cathode a. write the balanced net-ionic equation for the half-reaction that Electrolysis separates the molten ionic compound into its elements. Will you still be able to buy Godiva chocolate? Graphite/Carbon i) When acidified water is electrolysis by using platinum electrode than oxygen gas is formed. produced at anode, Pb(l) produced at cathode For example, in an electron tube electrons from the cathode travel across the tube toward the anode, and in an electroplating cell negative ions are deposited at the anode. What is recovery point objective with example? and a reddish brown deposit at cathode. Counting Atoms copper ions are reduced to produce copper metal. (C) Electrolysis of sodium chloride is an important process to manufacture many bulk chemicals of commercial utility, like chlorine, sodium hydroxide etc. Explanation: Explanation: By definition, electrolysis is the use of an electric current to cause a chemical reaction which wouldnt otherwise happen. Use standard reduction potentials to calculate the cell potential and predict spontaneity. How long will it (potassium bromide): ionic bonds / attraction between ions. Molecular Formula. Molecular Weight. Lead (IV) Bromide. PbBr 4. 526.816. Also see Atomic number of different elements. Atomic weight of different elements. Density of different elements. Electrolysis can be used to separate molten lead bromide. The object to be plated, such as a metal spoon, is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply. Electrolysis of Lead Bromide. 56 During electrolysis of lead bromide in molten state, the gas liberated at. (molar mass 84.007 g/mol) in 101 g of Pb 2+ (l) + 2e- Pb(l) Consider a voltaic cell in which the following reaction occurs. What happens when molten lead bromide is electrolyzed? If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA and salt bridge. Decrease in the temperature of, Q:2. Answer. report form. separate and electricity to flow through it. Bromine is a diatomic gas. oxidation $2 K^{+}(l)+2 B r^{-}(l) \rightarrow 2 K(s)+B r_{2}(l)$ . Include phase labels. 2NO3-(aq)+3S2(aq)+4H2O3S(s)+2NO(g)+8OH(aq) (a) Calculate E. => volume is directly proportional to temperature . reaction as a loss of electrons indicates oxidation.
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